DOE unveils results of Round 2 of testing program

Independent testing of SSL luminaires shows several products that are underperforming or presenting misleading results in manufacturers literature. The performance of commercial available solid-state lighting products ranged from excellent to dismal according to results of Round 2 of product testing from the DOEs Commercial Product Testing Program (CPTP).
As part of the DOEs Solid State Lighting (SSL) program, the CPTP Round 2 tests were carried out from March to May 2007 on a wide range of products, including replacement lamps, downlights and desk-task lamps. The results, along with those Published for Round 1, are available at .
Table 1 The test procedure LM-79 was used, which participants testing the luminaire as a whole system, ensuring that all aspects of control electronics, heat sinks and other factors are included. Replacement lamps were mounted for testing using standard lampholders, and appropriate fixture The losses should be applied to determine the performance of such a lamp inside a luminaire.
The Round of results showed widely divergent performance. Some downlights and directional replacement lamps produce light output comparable to similar incandescent and CFL downlights, and have higher efficacy (see Table 1). The DOE says that upcoming testing on more recent SSL downlights is expected to Show more that are close to or surpassing CFL products in output and efficacy.
However, replacement A-lamps performed very poorly, producing less than 20 lumens. This is less than 5% of the light from a typical A17 or A19 incandescent lamp and makes the LED version very unsuitable as a replacement in most situations. Manufacturers for one such A-lamp suggested that electricity consumption was 80-90% lower. In truth, this was purely as a result of the very low light output.
Disparity between test results and manufacturers datasheets was highlighted in Round 1 of the testing program, and the situation has not improved. The Round 2 results showed that only two of the tested products had test results similar to the manufacturers literature. All the other products overstated Their performance claims by 25-35% for efficacy and 30-95% for light output.
Other lamps may be as important as efficacy for these applications, including cold temperature performance, longer lifetimes, controllability, dimmability, and insensitivity to frequent on/off cycling.
Table 2 Task-desk lamps generally did not meet performance expectations. A direct comparison was made between an LED product (test ID 07-22) and an equivalent model with a halogen light source (07-10). The LED version had higher efficacy But usually only about 50% of the light output. The halogen version had warmer CRI and much better color rendering (CRI) than either LED-based product.
As, the biggest discrepancy occurred when the off-state power consumption was considered. As shown in Table 2, the LED product (07-22) consumes a huge 2.5 W of power when nominally switched off, as a result of inefficient electrical design. As a result, the average efficacy for the LED products is much lower (for more on this subject, see Make sure the LED luminaire you choose is a Sleeping Beauty ).
Round 2 also looked at power factor. In the Draft Energy Star requirements for SSL luminaires, the minimum power factor value is 0.7. All the Round 2 luminaires that are integrated fixtures have power factors above 0.7, while those that are replacement lamps are below 0.7 (and the A-lamps were below 0.4).

Ultrasonic Sensor

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The ultrasonic transducer is a kind of transducer that converts the ultrasonic signal into electric signal, or vice versa. Ultrasound transmitter and receiver is a transducer that can transmit and receive ultrasound. Ultrasound sensor is a kind of sensor, in essence, it is also a transmitter and receiver. The working principle of this kind of equipment is similar to that of radar and sonar. Active ultrasonic sensors can emit and receive reflected waves, and determine the distance of the target by measuring the time interval between transmission and reception. Passive ultrasonic sensor is actually a microphone that can convert ultrasonic signal into electrical signal.

According to the working principle and materials used, the ultrasonic transducer has piezoelectric transducer, electrostatic transducer (capacitive transducer), magnetostrictive transducer, electromagnetic acoustic transducer, mechanical transducer and other types [1].

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