Lighting electricity consumption accounts for 20% of its electrical energy. For more than a decade, the US government has been trying to find ways to save energy, but the results have not been great, and it has not been obvious until 2005. The history and measures of promoting energy-saving lighting in the United States may have certain reference value for China's energy sector and energy-saving product manufacturing.
I. Three Reasons Affecting the Promotion of Energy-Saving Lighting in the United States In the past, the promotion of energy-saving lighting in the United States has been in a state of government heat and cold in the past, mainly due to the “social habitsâ€, which have three main reasons:
First, Americans condone consumption, and the concept of saving has not always been strong. Electricity expenses are not a large proportion of US production costs and household consumption, which reduces people's awareness of the value of electricity saving. Many people think that the monthly electricity bill will be a few cups of coffee, and there is no good calculation. If everyone pays attention to saving electricity, how much energy can be saved in the United States.
Second, the US power supply capacity is relatively sufficient. There is almost no power cut or power outage in the United States. Enterprises and residents lack understanding of "energy shortages". People are far less sensitive to electricity charges than gasoline prices, which reduces people's awareness of the need to save electricity.
Third, the labor costs in the United States are high. The labor cost of replacing old incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps is often much higher than the cost of purchasing bulbs. In the United States, professional electricians with licenses and unions pay up to tens of dollars per hour, so in the case that the original incandescent lamps are not damaged, the business owners do not want to replace them. The general residents will only consider switching to energy-saving lamps when the lamps are broken and there are no replaceable incandescent lamps on hand, and there are often several spare bulbs in the American family storage room. Therefore, people rarely purchase energy-saving lamps to replace the original incandescent lamps to save money and save money.
Second, the United States to promote lighting energy-saving thinking and focus In order to promote energy-saving lighting, in response to "social habits", the United States has targeted a series of measures.
First of all, in developed countries like the United States, people have relatively strong environmental awareness and pay more attention to social responsibility. Therefore, emphasizing the social value and honor of energy conservation is often more effective than simply saving money.
In addition, American society has a strong desire for new products. As long as the products have outstanding new functions, people have a strong ability to withstand prices. Therefore, the United States invests heavily in the research of new energy-saving technologies, promotes the industrial application of new technologies, and tries to adapt to the long-term use habits of people.
The most important thing is that American society has a strong sense of the rule of law, and many things that require social attention. Once legislation is in place, there is corresponding supervision over law enforcement. For lighting and energy saving, the US government does not stay on the principled call and "hope", but develops an actionable bill that clarifies goals and responsibilities. When it is determined that the old incandescent lamps are prohibited from being sold in the market, the store strictly controls the purchase, and the general factory will stop producing old products and develop new products three years before this limited time.
In addition, the promotion of energy-saving lighting in the United States focuses on large-scale lighting consumers such as industrial and commercial enterprises and institutional groups, as well as companies engaged in the design and construction of new buildings and old buildings, because they rely on residential households to replace old-fashioned incandescent lamps. It will be a long process.
Third, promote "Energy Star", advocate social responsibility "Energy Star" (ENERGY STAR) is a cooperation project between the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy, implemented since 1992. It promotes the use of energy-saving and environmentally-friendly consumer goods for the purpose of energy conservation and environmental protection. It advocates the social responsibility of enterprises and citizens, is proud of energy conservation and environmental protection, and voluntarily participates voluntarily, is not a mandatory measure.
The “Energy Star†program establishes and continuously updates detailed energy-saving standards for various energy-consuming products, and awards “Energy Star†signs to manufacturers and distributors that meet energy-saving standards. Its product range covers lighting, building materials, home appliances, and various industries related to energy and environmental protection. After years of publicity and promotion, “Energy Star†has become the core vocabulary and symbol of energy conservation in the United States. It not only created a group of “trustworthy†energy-saving lighting brands with authoritative attitude, but also effectively promoted through multi-channel public welfare activities. All kinds of energy-saving lamps (lamps) are used throughout the United States. In the following article, we will detail the classification of ENERGY STAR related energy-saving lighting products, performance standards, and how to certify listings.
The high-quality CFL compact energy-saving bulb saves 75% of energy compared to conventional incandescent bulbs, producing only 25% of the incandescent bulbs and ten times longer than incandescent bulbs. It is currently the most widely accepted energy-saving lighting product in the US market. Because its spiral socket can match the lamp holder of traditional incandescent lamp, the replacement is convenient and fast, and it conforms to people's usage habits. Therefore, encouraging consumers to use energy-saving lamps and expanding the market share of CFL energy-saving light bulbs has become the central work and performance mark of the “Energy Starâ€.
According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, an energy-saving light bulb that meets the ENERGY STAR standard can save users more than $30 in spending (the higher the electricity bill, the greater the savings). American households use about 30 fixtures per household. If each household replaces only one energy-saving bulb or fixture, the entire country can save $600 million in energy costs each year, reducing greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to more than 800,000 vehicles. Gas emissions from cars. According to further information from the ENERGY STAR department, the most frequently used lamps in the United States are usually the ceiling lights in the kitchen, the desk lamps and floor lamps in the living room, and the outdoor lights, if each family can get the five most commonly used lamps or By replacing the ENERGY STAR energy-saving luminaire with a light bulb (many luminaires containing multiple bulbs), the entire country can save nearly $8 billion in electricity consumption per year and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from almost 10 million cars.
In order to effectively promote and implement the "Energy Star" energy-saving lighting program, the US Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency launched a nationwide energy-saving lamp promotion campaign in 1999, the Change a Light Campaign, and will be held every October. On the 3rd, it was designated as "ENERGY STAR Change a Light Day". It not only promotes energy-saving lamps through various media, public car travel, etc., but also encourages Americans to go to relevant governments through websites and letters. The department submitted a “lighting oath†to show that they use energy-saving lamps to make their social responsibility for environmental protection and energy conservation. According to the statistics of the US Environmental Protection Agency in January 2008, the relevant departments have received more than one million reprints from the people of the United States, and replaced the CFL energy-saving lamps with four million ENERGY STAR signs. Saved more than $100 million in energy costs and reduced greenhouse gas emissions by more than 1.5 billion pounds.
Large distributors of “Energy Star†energy-saving lamps, such as Walmart, Sam's Club, Lowes, Home Depot, and National Supermarkets (Costco), etc., have also become an important promotion media for actively conducting energy conservation education for consumers and disseminating energy-saving products.
Fourth, encourage the design and development of new energy-saving lamps
In 2002, the US Department of Energy, the Consortium for Energy Efficiency, and the American Lighting Association jointly launched the National Lighting Design Annual Competition for the entire energy-saving lighting industry for the purpose of promoting the diversification of energy-saving lamps. "Lighting for Tomorrow". This competition attracted the famous energy-saving lighting designers, manufacturers and distributors in the country and became the highest level design competition in the energy-saving lighting industry in the United States. Through the successive "lights of tomorrow" competition, the diversity and innovation of energy-saving lamps are not only reflected in their style, but also in the technological innovation (from 2006, the competition is set for LED energy-saving lamps). A special schedule), which also brings more advantages in product prices, more market-acceptable energy-saving lamps.
In addition to promoting development, competition organizers also introduce new energy-saving lamps to consumers and distributors through annual catalogues and other means of promotion. By encouraging production and marketing, the city's “lights of tomorrow†are often used to expand energy-saving lamps. . For commercial energy-saving lamps, the US Department of Energy and related industries and associations hold "National Lighting Fixture Design Competition" and "Architectural Design Competition" (mainly for energy-saving lighting systems) and other national lighting products. Design competitions to increase the value and market impact of energy efficient luminaires.
In addition, the US government has also approved special funds to support the development of energy-efficient lighting products. For example, on March 10, 2008, the US Department of Energy announced a US$20 million investment to promote 13 new energy-saving lighting research projects.
5. Formulating a new energy bill to strengthen law enforcement
In August 2005, President Bush issued the US Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005). The bill is the largest national energy policy bill in the United States since 1992. It aims to solve the increasingly serious energy problems and encourage the production and promotion of various energy-saving products through tax reduction and loan guarantees.
In order to enhance energy conservation, the bill not only provides loan guarantees and other subsidies for energy-saving technologies and new energy research and development projects, but also increases the national summer time by 4 weeks from the spring of 2007 (the summer time changes from the original April to October). For March-November, the total length is 7 months) to use sunlight more effectively and reduce the power consumption of electric lighting. It also plans to offer up to $14.5 billion in tax breaks over the next 10 years to encourage people to adopt energy-saving measures. Among these measures, it includes content that is very beneficial to the development of the energy-saving lighting industry.
For example, in the tax incentives for a number of energy-saving products proposed by the Act, there is a provision on commercial housing: if the owner of a commercial building actively uses an energy-efficient building system during the construction or renovation process, the highest A tax reduction of $ 1.80 per square foot. Systems that meet tax cuts include indoor lighting systems (other systems include refrigeration, heating, ventilation, hot water supply, etc.). For public buildings (such as federal government buildings), the party responsible for completing the renovation or architectural design (such as major designers, architects) can be a beneficiary of tax cuts to encourage energy efficient buildings and design. Due to the high intensity and quantity of commercial buildings, the lighting system has become the main energy-saving application system for energy-saving commercial buildings (to achieve tax incentives), such as industrial production houses, warehouses and logistics centers, which are large energy consumers. The use of lighting systems has saved half of the building's lighting energy consumption and met tax cuts, which has greatly facilitated the adoption and application of energy-efficient lighting fixtures in new buildings. According to estimates by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), this regulation alone will save 312 MW (MW) of electricity and reduce 10 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions in two years. Increase sales of lighting systems and related products by $500 million.
The bill also encourages energy companies to adopt energy conservation measures with preferential tax policies. Therefore, power companies actively recommend the use of energy-saving light bulbs to reduce power consumption, because the more customers save energy, the more incentives companies provide energy.
In addition, the bill also stipulates that from January 2012 to January 2014, the United States will phase out 40W, 60W, 75W and 100W incandescent bulbs, replacing them with energy-saving bulbs.
Following the 2005 Energy Law, in December 2007, President Bush signed the US Energy Independence and Security Act (also known as HR6). The 822-page, latest energy bill is designed to drive America's energy dependence and energy security. It covers a wide range of requirements, especially for lighting products, and sets the first mandatory energy efficiency standard for lighting products that will be officially effective on January 1, 2012.
The bill explicitly requires all lighting in federal buildings to use ENERGY STAR energy-efficient lighting products, and to provide new standards and related subsidies to promote energy conservation in government and public institutions.
The bill requires that, in addition to some special-purpose bulbs (such as electrical lamps, colored lights, 3-way three-power bulbs, etc.), most incandescent bulbs will be banned from sales in the US market in 2014; by 2012-2014, the US market The upper lighting bulbs are generally 25-30% more energy efficient than the most common incandescent bulbs currently available, and 60% energy saving by 2020.
These goals are achieved primarily through the use of high-end incandescent bulbs, CFL energy-saving bulbs and LEDs that manufacturers are bringing to market, while CFLs and LEDs are able to achieve long-term goals.
The bill attaches great importance to the energy conservation of lighting products and regards it as the focus of energy conservation. It believes that the savings from the adoption of energy-saving lamps will exceed the total economic and energy savings achieved by adopting 21 federal electrical standards since 2000. By 2020, improved lighting products are expected to save consumers more than $13 billion in annual electricity bills, with a total economic and energy expenditure of $140 billion.
In general, in order to overcome the energy crisis and achieve energy-saving goals, the US government has played a most crucial role in promoting energy-saving lamps, focusing on scientific decision-making, both concrete and realistic.
First, the policy guides the market: the government in the National New Energy Act “Enwei and Shiâ€, not only proposes clear development goals and standards for energy-saving lamps, requires mandatory implementation on a national scale, and through tax benefits, research subsidies and other practical economic benefits, Increase the attractiveness of the policy, thus guiding the city to the second, publicity and influence the market: the government organizes experts, allocates special funds to formulate quality standards for energy-saving lamps, and advertises the advantages of energy-saving lamps. Joint energy management, manufacturing, marketing and various media, with a large-scale public welfare campaign to change people's long-term use habits.
Third, technology promotes the market: The government encourages the energy-saving lighting industry to push “Chen†out “new†and improve the efficiency of energy-saving lamps, reduce costs and increase varieties with new technologies, new processes and new designs. The rapid increase in the market share of energy-saving lamps has a reliable technical guarantee.
I. Three Reasons Affecting the Promotion of Energy-Saving Lighting in the United States In the past, the promotion of energy-saving lighting in the United States has been in a state of government heat and cold in the past, mainly due to the “social habitsâ€, which have three main reasons:
First, Americans condone consumption, and the concept of saving has not always been strong. Electricity expenses are not a large proportion of US production costs and household consumption, which reduces people's awareness of the value of electricity saving. Many people think that the monthly electricity bill will be a few cups of coffee, and there is no good calculation. If everyone pays attention to saving electricity, how much energy can be saved in the United States.
Second, the US power supply capacity is relatively sufficient. There is almost no power cut or power outage in the United States. Enterprises and residents lack understanding of "energy shortages". People are far less sensitive to electricity charges than gasoline prices, which reduces people's awareness of the need to save electricity.
Third, the labor costs in the United States are high. The labor cost of replacing old incandescent lamps with energy-saving lamps is often much higher than the cost of purchasing bulbs. In the United States, professional electricians with licenses and unions pay up to tens of dollars per hour, so in the case that the original incandescent lamps are not damaged, the business owners do not want to replace them. The general residents will only consider switching to energy-saving lamps when the lamps are broken and there are no replaceable incandescent lamps on hand, and there are often several spare bulbs in the American family storage room. Therefore, people rarely purchase energy-saving lamps to replace the original incandescent lamps to save money and save money.
Second, the United States to promote lighting energy-saving thinking and focus In order to promote energy-saving lighting, in response to "social habits", the United States has targeted a series of measures.
First of all, in developed countries like the United States, people have relatively strong environmental awareness and pay more attention to social responsibility. Therefore, emphasizing the social value and honor of energy conservation is often more effective than simply saving money.
In addition, American society has a strong desire for new products. As long as the products have outstanding new functions, people have a strong ability to withstand prices. Therefore, the United States invests heavily in the research of new energy-saving technologies, promotes the industrial application of new technologies, and tries to adapt to the long-term use habits of people.
The most important thing is that American society has a strong sense of the rule of law, and many things that require social attention. Once legislation is in place, there is corresponding supervision over law enforcement. For lighting and energy saving, the US government does not stay on the principled call and "hope", but develops an actionable bill that clarifies goals and responsibilities. When it is determined that the old incandescent lamps are prohibited from being sold in the market, the store strictly controls the purchase, and the general factory will stop producing old products and develop new products three years before this limited time.
In addition, the promotion of energy-saving lighting in the United States focuses on large-scale lighting consumers such as industrial and commercial enterprises and institutional groups, as well as companies engaged in the design and construction of new buildings and old buildings, because they rely on residential households to replace old-fashioned incandescent lamps. It will be a long process.
Third, promote "Energy Star", advocate social responsibility "Energy Star" (ENERGY STAR) is a cooperation project between the US Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy, implemented since 1992. It promotes the use of energy-saving and environmentally-friendly consumer goods for the purpose of energy conservation and environmental protection. It advocates the social responsibility of enterprises and citizens, is proud of energy conservation and environmental protection, and voluntarily participates voluntarily, is not a mandatory measure.
The “Energy Star†program establishes and continuously updates detailed energy-saving standards for various energy-consuming products, and awards “Energy Star†signs to manufacturers and distributors that meet energy-saving standards. Its product range covers lighting, building materials, home appliances, and various industries related to energy and environmental protection. After years of publicity and promotion, “Energy Star†has become the core vocabulary and symbol of energy conservation in the United States. It not only created a group of “trustworthy†energy-saving lighting brands with authoritative attitude, but also effectively promoted through multi-channel public welfare activities. All kinds of energy-saving lamps (lamps) are used throughout the United States. In the following article, we will detail the classification of ENERGY STAR related energy-saving lighting products, performance standards, and how to certify listings.
The high-quality CFL compact energy-saving bulb saves 75% of energy compared to conventional incandescent bulbs, producing only 25% of the incandescent bulbs and ten times longer than incandescent bulbs. It is currently the most widely accepted energy-saving lighting product in the US market. Because its spiral socket can match the lamp holder of traditional incandescent lamp, the replacement is convenient and fast, and it conforms to people's usage habits. Therefore, encouraging consumers to use energy-saving lamps and expanding the market share of CFL energy-saving light bulbs has become the central work and performance mark of the “Energy Starâ€.
According to the US Environmental Protection Agency, an energy-saving light bulb that meets the ENERGY STAR standard can save users more than $30 in spending (the higher the electricity bill, the greater the savings). American households use about 30 fixtures per household. If each household replaces only one energy-saving bulb or fixture, the entire country can save $600 million in energy costs each year, reducing greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to more than 800,000 vehicles. Gas emissions from cars. According to further information from the ENERGY STAR department, the most frequently used lamps in the United States are usually the ceiling lights in the kitchen, the desk lamps and floor lamps in the living room, and the outdoor lights, if each family can get the five most commonly used lamps or By replacing the ENERGY STAR energy-saving luminaire with a light bulb (many luminaires containing multiple bulbs), the entire country can save nearly $8 billion in electricity consumption per year and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from almost 10 million cars.
In order to effectively promote and implement the "Energy Star" energy-saving lighting program, the US Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency launched a nationwide energy-saving lamp promotion campaign in 1999, the Change a Light Campaign, and will be held every October. On the 3rd, it was designated as "ENERGY STAR Change a Light Day". It not only promotes energy-saving lamps through various media, public car travel, etc., but also encourages Americans to go to relevant governments through websites and letters. The department submitted a “lighting oath†to show that they use energy-saving lamps to make their social responsibility for environmental protection and energy conservation. According to the statistics of the US Environmental Protection Agency in January 2008, the relevant departments have received more than one million reprints from the people of the United States, and replaced the CFL energy-saving lamps with four million ENERGY STAR signs. Saved more than $100 million in energy costs and reduced greenhouse gas emissions by more than 1.5 billion pounds.
Large distributors of “Energy Star†energy-saving lamps, such as Walmart, Sam's Club, Lowes, Home Depot, and National Supermarkets (Costco), etc., have also become an important promotion media for actively conducting energy conservation education for consumers and disseminating energy-saving products.
Fourth, encourage the design and development of new energy-saving lamps
In 2002, the US Department of Energy, the Consortium for Energy Efficiency, and the American Lighting Association jointly launched the National Lighting Design Annual Competition for the entire energy-saving lighting industry for the purpose of promoting the diversification of energy-saving lamps. "Lighting for Tomorrow". This competition attracted the famous energy-saving lighting designers, manufacturers and distributors in the country and became the highest level design competition in the energy-saving lighting industry in the United States. Through the successive "lights of tomorrow" competition, the diversity and innovation of energy-saving lamps are not only reflected in their style, but also in the technological innovation (from 2006, the competition is set for LED energy-saving lamps). A special schedule), which also brings more advantages in product prices, more market-acceptable energy-saving lamps.
In addition to promoting development, competition organizers also introduce new energy-saving lamps to consumers and distributors through annual catalogues and other means of promotion. By encouraging production and marketing, the city's “lights of tomorrow†are often used to expand energy-saving lamps. . For commercial energy-saving lamps, the US Department of Energy and related industries and associations hold "National Lighting Fixture Design Competition" and "Architectural Design Competition" (mainly for energy-saving lighting systems) and other national lighting products. Design competitions to increase the value and market impact of energy efficient luminaires.
In addition, the US government has also approved special funds to support the development of energy-efficient lighting products. For example, on March 10, 2008, the US Department of Energy announced a US$20 million investment to promote 13 new energy-saving lighting research projects.
5. Formulating a new energy bill to strengthen law enforcement
In August 2005, President Bush issued the US Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005). The bill is the largest national energy policy bill in the United States since 1992. It aims to solve the increasingly serious energy problems and encourage the production and promotion of various energy-saving products through tax reduction and loan guarantees.
In order to enhance energy conservation, the bill not only provides loan guarantees and other subsidies for energy-saving technologies and new energy research and development projects, but also increases the national summer time by 4 weeks from the spring of 2007 (the summer time changes from the original April to October). For March-November, the total length is 7 months) to use sunlight more effectively and reduce the power consumption of electric lighting. It also plans to offer up to $14.5 billion in tax breaks over the next 10 years to encourage people to adopt energy-saving measures. Among these measures, it includes content that is very beneficial to the development of the energy-saving lighting industry.
For example, in the tax incentives for a number of energy-saving products proposed by the Act, there is a provision on commercial housing: if the owner of a commercial building actively uses an energy-efficient building system during the construction or renovation process, the highest A tax reduction of $ 1.80 per square foot. Systems that meet tax cuts include indoor lighting systems (other systems include refrigeration, heating, ventilation, hot water supply, etc.). For public buildings (such as federal government buildings), the party responsible for completing the renovation or architectural design (such as major designers, architects) can be a beneficiary of tax cuts to encourage energy efficient buildings and design. Due to the high intensity and quantity of commercial buildings, the lighting system has become the main energy-saving application system for energy-saving commercial buildings (to achieve tax incentives), such as industrial production houses, warehouses and logistics centers, which are large energy consumers. The use of lighting systems has saved half of the building's lighting energy consumption and met tax cuts, which has greatly facilitated the adoption and application of energy-efficient lighting fixtures in new buildings. According to estimates by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), this regulation alone will save 312 MW (MW) of electricity and reduce 10 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions in two years. Increase sales of lighting systems and related products by $500 million.
The bill also encourages energy companies to adopt energy conservation measures with preferential tax policies. Therefore, power companies actively recommend the use of energy-saving light bulbs to reduce power consumption, because the more customers save energy, the more incentives companies provide energy.
In addition, the bill also stipulates that from January 2012 to January 2014, the United States will phase out 40W, 60W, 75W and 100W incandescent bulbs, replacing them with energy-saving bulbs.
Following the 2005 Energy Law, in December 2007, President Bush signed the US Energy Independence and Security Act (also known as HR6). The 822-page, latest energy bill is designed to drive America's energy dependence and energy security. It covers a wide range of requirements, especially for lighting products, and sets the first mandatory energy efficiency standard for lighting products that will be officially effective on January 1, 2012.
The bill explicitly requires all lighting in federal buildings to use ENERGY STAR energy-efficient lighting products, and to provide new standards and related subsidies to promote energy conservation in government and public institutions.
The bill requires that, in addition to some special-purpose bulbs (such as electrical lamps, colored lights, 3-way three-power bulbs, etc.), most incandescent bulbs will be banned from sales in the US market in 2014; by 2012-2014, the US market The upper lighting bulbs are generally 25-30% more energy efficient than the most common incandescent bulbs currently available, and 60% energy saving by 2020.
These goals are achieved primarily through the use of high-end incandescent bulbs, CFL energy-saving bulbs and LEDs that manufacturers are bringing to market, while CFLs and LEDs are able to achieve long-term goals.
The bill attaches great importance to the energy conservation of lighting products and regards it as the focus of energy conservation. It believes that the savings from the adoption of energy-saving lamps will exceed the total economic and energy savings achieved by adopting 21 federal electrical standards since 2000. By 2020, improved lighting products are expected to save consumers more than $13 billion in annual electricity bills, with a total economic and energy expenditure of $140 billion.
In general, in order to overcome the energy crisis and achieve energy-saving goals, the US government has played a most crucial role in promoting energy-saving lamps, focusing on scientific decision-making, both concrete and realistic.
First, the policy guides the market: the government in the National New Energy Act “Enwei and Shiâ€, not only proposes clear development goals and standards for energy-saving lamps, requires mandatory implementation on a national scale, and through tax benefits, research subsidies and other practical economic benefits, Increase the attractiveness of the policy, thus guiding the city to the second, publicity and influence the market: the government organizes experts, allocates special funds to formulate quality standards for energy-saving lamps, and advertises the advantages of energy-saving lamps. Joint energy management, manufacturing, marketing and various media, with a large-scale public welfare campaign to change people's long-term use habits.
Third, technology promotes the market: The government encourages the energy-saving lighting industry to push “Chen†out “new†and improve the efficiency of energy-saving lamps, reduce costs and increase varieties with new technologies, new processes and new designs. The rapid increase in the market share of energy-saving lamps has a reliable technical guarantee.
USB Data Transfer Charging Cable is used to standardize the connection of computer peripherals (including keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, mobile phones, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters) to personal computers for communication and powering.
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