The single-chip microcomputer, also known as the Single-Chip Microcomputer (also known as the Microcontroller), integrates the CPU, memory, Timer/Counter, and various input/output interfaces. Microcomputer on an integrated circuit chip.
1, 4 bit microcontroller
The 4-bit microcomputer is simple in structure and inexpensive, and is very suitable for controlling a single small electronic product, such as an input device (mouse, joystick), a battery charger, a remote controller, an electronic toy, and a small household appliance for a PC. 2. 8-bit microcontroller.
2ã€8-bit microcomputer
8-bit microcontroller is currently the most abundant variety, the most widely used microcontroller, at present, 8-bit microcontroller is mainly divided into 51 series and non-51 series microcontroller. The 51 series single-chip microcomputers can be called a "prestige machine" with its typical structure, numerous logic bit operation functions, and a rich instruction system.
3, 16-bit microcomputer
16-bit microcontroller operating speed and data throughput capabilities in the performance than the 8-bit machine has greatly improved. At present, more applications include TI's MSP430 series, Sunplus SPCE061A series, Motorola's 68HC16 series, and Intel's MCS-96/196 series.
4 32-bit microcomputer
Compared with the 51 MCU, 32-bit MCU operating speed and features improved significantly, with the development of technology and the decline in prices, will be in line with the 8-bit MCU. 32-bit microcontrollers are mainly developed by ARM. Therefore, referring to 32-bit microcontrollers, generally refer to ARM microcontrollers. Strictly speaking, ARM is not a microcontroller, but a 32-bit processor core, the actual use of the ARM chip has many models, common ARM chips are Philips's LPC2000 series, Samsung's S3C/S3F/S3P series.
1. Mainstream single-chip microcomputer includes CPU, 4KB RAM, 128 KB ROM, 2 16-bit timers, 4 8-bit parallel ports, full-duplex serial port, ADC/DAC, SPI, I2C, ISP, etc. IAP.
2, the system structure is simple, easy to use, to achieve modularity;
3, SCM high reliability, can work to 10 ^ 6 ~ 10 ^ 7 hours without failure;
4, processing capabilities, speed.
5, low voltage, low power consumption, easy to produce portable products
6, strong control function
7, strong environmental adaptability.
Microcontroller principleThe single-chip microcomputer is mainly composed of three parts: an operator, a controller and a register. Among them, the arithmetic unit consists of an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), an accumulator, a register, and the like. First, the accumulator and the register input two 8-bit source data to the ALU. Next, the ALU completes the logic operation of the source data, and finally stores the operation result in a register. The controller consists of a program counter, an instruction register, an instruction decoder, a timing generator, an operation controller, etc. It is an "organization" for issuing commands for coordinating the operation of various parts of the entire system; the registers mainly have Accumulator A, data register DR, instruction register IR, instruction decoder ID, program counter PC, address register AR, and the like.
In the microprocessor, the internal operators, controllers, and registers are connected to each other. The controller issues operation commands to each part. After the operator receives the commands, it performs corresponding operations and stores the results in the corresponding registers. .
8-bit microcontroller data bus width of 8, usually can only handle 8-bit data directly;
The data bus width of the 16-bit microcomputer is 16 bits, and it can usually directly process 8-bit or 16-bit data.
The most essential difference is that the internal CPU has a different word length. That is, the maximum number of bits processed by the CPU is different. There are differences between 8-bit and 16-bit CPUs. You can think of the ALU and the word length of the register. Some 32-bit DSP chips have an external interface data bus that is 16-bit, and judging from this is not acceptable.
There is a difference in speed depending on the CPU and the word length of the register. 8-bit microcontroller can not directly deal with 16-bit data, to be processed in accordance with 8-bit data, to be completed in several processes. The 16-bit microcomputer can process 16 data directly, because its ALU, registers, etc. are 16-bit, can complete the 8-bit microcontroller to complete the multi-step action, especially for data processing, 16-bit microcontroller has its advantages . And 16-bit microcontrollers mostly have 16-bit data interfaces.
It is simpler to say that 16-bit is faster than 8-bit, 8-bit microcontrollers have a long development time, and the price is low. The most important thing is that it can be used for development tasks in many applications. 16-bit microcontrollers are much more powerful than 8-bit devices and are used only when needed.
According to the binary explanation, do you know that when the microcontroller is computing, it is always a binary arithmetic operation. So the most fundamental difference between 8-bit microcontrollers and 16-bit microcontrollers is that 8-bit microcontrollers can add two 8-bit binary numbers at the same time, while 16-bit microcontrollers are twice as large and can simultaneously allow two 16-bit 2s. The system number is added.
The CPU can handle the number of digits of the binary number at the same time, and it is called how many bits of the computer. There are also cases where the number of bits of the data bus is half of the number of CPU bits, and it is said to be the number of computers that are accurate. For example, the CPU is 16 bits, the data bus is 16 bits, and the 16-bit computer; the CPU is 16 bits, and the data bus is also 8 bits, which is a quasi-16-bit computer.
It turns out that 16-bit microcontrollers can be replaced with 8-bit ones, but circuits and programs have to be changed accordingly. After changing to 8-bit machines, the function and speed must be able to meet the needs of your work.
1) In the field of instrumentation, once the microcontroller is used to control it, the instrumentation will become digital, intelligent, and miniaturized, and its function is more powerful;
2) In the field of household appliances, the single-chip microcomputer control of household appliances has been widely implemented, such as rice cookers, refrigerators, air conditioners, color TV sets, stereos, etc.;
3) In the field of network communications, mobile phones, small-size program-controlled switches, building automation communication call systems, etc. have all been controlled by a single-chip microcomputer, and the single-chip microcomputer generally has a communication interface so that the communication device can conveniently perform data communication with the computer;
4) In the field of industrial control, microcontrollers can be used to construct a variety of control systems, such as the intelligent management of factory lines, intelligent control of elevators, various alarm systems, and networking with computers to form secondary control systems;
5) In the field of medical devices, the microcontroller has also greatly realized its value, and has been widely used in various analyzers, monitors, hospital bed call systems, medical ventilators and other medical devices;
6) In the modular system, single-chip microcomputers can be used to achieve specific functions and modularized applications, without requiring the operator to understand its internal structure. This greatly reduces the size, simplifies the circuit, and reduces the damage rate and error rate. ;
7) In the field of automotive electronics, microcontrollers have been widely used in engine controllers, GPS navigation systems, ABS anti-lock braking systems, and braking systems;
8) In addition to the above applications, single-chip microcomputers have played their role more or less in the fields of industry and commerce, finance, education, and logistics.
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